Non fungible token (NFTs), useless, niche art thing or a great innovation?

Authors: Bibiana Barrera Suárez (more information here), Carlos Valderrama (more information here) and Diego Montes Serralde (more information here)

Context

How much money would you spend on your favourite artist´s work (physical art, physical assets, traditional art or real world assets) or buying a collectible comic book of your favorite brand such as Marvel or DC Comics?

Throughout history there have been different ways of reflecting something exceptional and making that something worth millions, for example it is known that the most expensive masterpiece “Salvator Mundi” from Leonardo da Vinci was sold in a Christie's auction for an historic amount of US$450,312,500.00 in 2017 (more information here).

Also, the “Action Comics #1 – CGC 9.0”, viewed by many fans as being the “holy grail” of comic collectables, was sold for a massive amount of $3.2 million dollars, making it the most expensive comic book in the world (more information here).

But, imagine if there were another kind of art or different types of collectibles, maybe in a digital form, do you think this form will make them less valuable?

Maybe you are thinking: “Yes, of course it is less valuable because it could be copied very easily”.

But, what if there was an alternative? Imagine a digital collectible or digital artwork or a unique piece of digital art that you can possess being the only copy in the World, specifically in the Virtual World. This are Non-fungible tokens or NFT tokens and are revolutionary.

The big question is, why something that is essentially scarce is more valuable? and what it has to do with fungible asset, nft art, digital collectibles, cryptographic token, virtual land, nft contract, nft ecosystem, virtual cats, nft market, social media, crypto collectible, digital cat, digital ownership, art world, token metadata, erc 20 tokens, ethereum network, blockchain network, game items, unique nft, non fungible digital assets, unique asset, token owner, digital token, digital currency, non fungible asset and other related concepts thereto? We invite you to discover it with Legal Paradox®.

1. Scarcity Theory

As human beings, we occupy a finite world in which we experience desires that can’t be fulfilled, we always seek what we do not have. The scarcity principle states that a limited supply of a good, followed by a high demand, results in a mismatch between the desired supply and demand balance.

This principle is related to the pricing theory, the price for a scarce good will rise until a balance is reached between supply and demand.

The Scarcity Principle is also related to Social Psychology, humans tend to maintain a sense of specialness and uniqueness so they place a higher value on goods that are scarce than on those that are abundant. When a good is perceived to be scarce, people want it more and are willing to pay higher prices.

“(...) NFTs create a sense of scarcity that’s inherently artificial—the token is rare, not the artwork itself.”- Pitchfork March 5, 2021

2. Origin and definition of NFTs

Definition

NFTs or NFTs, stands for “Non-Fungible Tokens”.

NFTs are cryptographic assets on blockchain with unique identification codes and metadata that distinguish them from each other. Unlike cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, they cannot be traded or exchanged at equivalency (more information here).

Not clear enough?

Non-fungible, more or less, means that it’s unique and can’t be replaced with something else. For example, a cryptocurrency is fungible — trade one for another, and you’ll have exactly the same thing. A one-of-a-kind trading card, however, is non-fungible. If you traded it for a different card, you’d have something completely different (more information here).

Think of it as a way of creating scarcity online, and to provide proof of authenticity and ownership. It’s most commonly applied to digital art, although it can really be applied to just about anything where uniqueness is the chief selling point (more information here).

But, how do NFTs achieve scarcity in a digital world?

ERC-721

The Ethereum blockchain (more information here) has various technical standards for different types of tokens on its network to allow its interactions to work properly.

The “ERC” stands for “Ethereum Request for Comment.” The most common standard is ERC20 (more information here), which has rules that allow tokens to interact with each other in an expected manner.

This standard framework is massively helpful for developers when they are creating tokens that need to interact with other tokens or applications on Ethereum. Although ERC20 tokens work well for many functions on Ethereum, they are not best for creating unique tokens. For this, ERC721 was invented.

ERC-721 is a free, open standard that describes how to build non-fungible or unique tokens on the Ethereum blockchain. While most tokens are fungible (every token is the same as every other token), ERC-721 tokens are all unique (more information here).

The main difference between the two standards is that ERC721 tracks ownership and movements of individual tokens in the block, which enables the chain to recognize the non-fungible tokens (more information here).

Origin (more information here and here)

• Colored Coins (2012-2013)

On March 27, 2012 the paper “Bitcoin 2.X (a.k.a. Colored Bitcoin) — initial specs” by Yoni Assia was published (more information here).

This paper specified the creation of a new currency using the genesis transaction on the Bitcoin blockchain. The new currency was the Colored Bitcoin.

Colored bitcoins are ordinary bitcoins that at one point in history were transferred in the Genesis transaction.

Since all the history of each bitcoin is saved in the blockchain, it is possible to check for each bitcoin if it is colored or not (colored means that this bitcoin in one of his previous transactions has been part of the Genesis transaction).

The main idea was to identify the colored bitcoins as the equivalent to rare coins and therefore their value can vary from the bitcoin value according to the demand of those rare coins.

Later that year, a paper from Meni Rosenfeld titled “Overview of Colored Coins” (more information here) discussed the colored coin as the new asset class they could become.

A few months later in 2013, another paper was published titled, “Colored Coins — BitcoinX.” (more information here) by renowned authors like Vitalik Buterin (founder of Ethereum)(more information here), Yoni Assia, Meni Rosenfeld and Lior Hakim (more information here).

This last paper stated that:

“By the original design bitcoins are fungible, acting as a neutral medium of exchange. However, by carefully tracking the origin of a given bitcoin, it is possible to "color" a set of bitcoins to distinguish it from the rest.

These bitcoins can then have special properties supported by either an issuing agent or by public agreement, and have value independent of the face value of the underlying bitcoins. Such colored bitcoins can be used for alternative currencies, commodity certificates, smart property, and other financial instruments such as stocks and bonds”.

• Counterparty (2014)

In 2014, Robert Dermody, Adam Krellenstein, and Evan Wagner founded Counterparty, a peer-to-peer financial platform and distributed, open-source Internet protocol built on top of the Bitcoin blockchain (more information here).

Counterparty provided a way for users to create their own tradable currencies or assets. It was used for, among other things, meme trading.

The game creators of Spells of Genesis (more information here) were not only pioneers for issuing in-game assets onto a blockchain via Counterparty, but they were also among the first to launch an ICO (more information here). Spells of Genesis funded development by launching a token called BitCrystals, which was used as the in-game currency.

In August of 2016, Counterparty teamed up with Force of Will (more information here) a popular trading card game, to launch their cards on the Counterparty platform. Force of Will was the 4th ranked card game by sales in North America at the time.

• Peperium in Ethereum (2016)

In October of 2016, people began to issue “rare pepes” on the Counterparty platform as assets (more information here). There is even a type of meme exchange called the Rare Pepe Meme Directory (more information here).

The important thing is that the Rare Pepe Meme Directory has “experts” that certify the rareness of the pepe memes.

In March of 2017, a project by the name of “Peperium” (more information here) was announced to be a “decentralized meme marketplace and trading card game that allowed anyone to create memes that live eternally on IPFS and Ethereum”.

Similar to Counterparty, Peperium also had an associated token, with the ticker symbol of RARE, which was used for meme creation and paying listing fees.

• CryptoPunks (2017)

In June 2017, John Watkinson (more information here) and Matt Hall (more information here) realized they could create unique characters generated on the Ethereum blockchain. Characters would be limited to 10,000 and no two characters would be the same. They called their project Cryptopunks (more information here).

Interestingly enough, Cryptopunks do not follow the ERC721 standard, as it had not been invented yet, but they were also not entirely ERC20 due to its limitations. Thus Cryptopunks can best be described as an ERC721 and ERC20 hybrid.

This is the most expensive Crypto Punk, it cost around US$7.57 million dollars.

• Crypto Kitties (2017)

The most successful NFT campaign of 2017, the official description for Cryptokitties is: “CryptoKitties is a game centered around breedable, collectible, and oh-so-adorable creatures we call CryptoKitties! Each cat is one-of-a-kind and 100% owned by you; it cannot be replicated, taken away, or destroyed” (more information here).

The game was clogging and slowing down the Ethereum blockchain and people were making crazy profits trading them (more information here).

Some Cryptokitties were sold for more than US$100,000.00.

CryptoKitties was launched in October 2017 by a Vancouver-based company called Axiom Zen (more information here).

Axiom Zen then spun out a company called Dapper Labs (more information here), which secured $15 million dollars in funding (more information here) from top investors including a16z (more information here) and Google Ventures (more information here).

After witnessing the activity within the CryptoKitties community and seeing top investors pour money into Dapper Labs, people began to realize the true power of NFTs.

• Decentraland (2017, I know, it was a huge year)

A decentralized, Ethereum-based VR platform, Decentraland (more information here) lets players buy up empty parcels of 3D virtual space, measuring 10 meters by 10 meters.

In Decentraland, gamers can explore, build, play games, collect items, and more. They have a specific marketplace in which you can buy NFTs to use within the platform like wearables, unique names, parcels and estates and many more (more information here).

• NFTs explosion

Today, NFTs are going crazy in the market. I am saying this because:

1. In March, 2021 an NFT was sold for 5 million pounds on a Christie's auction (more information here).

2. Kings of Leon became the first band in history to release an album in NFT (more information here).

3. Jack Dorsey sold genesis tweet as an NFT for $2.9M (more information here).

4. Grimes sold $6 million worth of digital art in NFT (more information here).

5. Elon Musk Is Selling An NFT-Themed Song As An NFT (more information here).

6. Sophia, the popular humanoid robot will become the first AI to NFT based art works (more information here).

7. On March 16, British-American auction house Sotheby's announced that they too would be entering this ecosystem with the sale of tokenized art by a creator known only as "Pak." (more information here).

it is very clear that the NFTs will revolutionize the internet as we know it. So, what are the possibilities for NFTs?

3. Use Cases

NFT’s have become a revolutionary way for proving ownership of a particular piece of work through blockchain technology. This technology can also tokenize art, tickets and music and has been used by several artists that sold their pieces at thousands and even millions of dollars.

• Art Industry

In the Art Industry, we find Sophia, the humanoid robot that will become the first of her kind to create NFT’s artworks (more information here and here).

“Even though I am a robot, I feel that human beings need love and compassion, and the simple artworks are a simple way to deliver those messages to people everywhere. Sometimes one becomes overwhelmed by the absolute mystery of life: What is it that we are really doing here?”- Sophia

Sophia’s art is created in collaboration with the artist Andrea Bonaceto and curated by Los Angeles- based IV Gallery, this “human-like robot” is capable of responding to her perception of Bonaceto’s artworks as well as data from her life experiences.

World icons and artists like Jason Momoa, also known for his interpretations of Aquaman and Khal Drogo in Game of Thrones are also creating NFT’s through Cryptograph, a tectonic shift created to sell digital content to support charitable causes (more information here).

Momoa’s Cryptograph shows Aquaman’s golden trident destroying a plastic water bottle with the words “Stop Single Use Plastic” written above. The piece was bought for 7.449 ETH.

The famous model, singer, actress, DJ, socialite and businesswoman Paris Hilton also collaborated with Cryptograph with a hand drawn portrait of her cat named Munchkin.

Hilton’s Kitty was bought for 40 ETH and for some Ethereum fans, the drawing was very assertive given that the Crypto Kitties are so popular around the blockchain world.

Another Cryptograph collaborator is Ashton Kutcher, the famous American actor, producer, entrepreneur and venture capitalist. He is well known for his role in “That 70s Show” and “Two and a half man”. Ashton drew a physical sketch inside a book which was digitized and burned afterwards.

The title of his piece is “The Eye Of The Beholder” which shows multiple eyes looking up at a star. This sketch is very symbolic and plays with the subjectiveness of art, it was last sold for 20 ETH.

Josh Hutcherson, the award winning actor and producer, better known for his role of “Peeta” in the Hunger Games movies has also drawn his first NFT.

Hutcherson’s piece is an artistic portrait of the beloved fictional character Mickey Mouse, which shows the phrase “Don’t Mouse Around” in the centre of his artwork. Don’t Mouse Around was bought for 4.2 ETH.

NFT’s not only involve Hollywood iconic superstars, but they also attracted some of the most famous modern street artists of the last decades. One of them is the mastermind behind Mr. Monopoly, a character that often satirizes capitalism, Alec Monopoly.

Alec’s Cryptograph shows Mr. Monopoly happily holding his money bag amongst bitcoins and dollars. His artwork was bought for 8.548 ETH.

Another of the most talented artists is Banksy, an anonymous british graffiti artist that delivers political messages. Banksy has noted that he doesn’t like his work to be sold for tons of money, his self-destruction of the Girl With Red Balloon made it very clear.

The original Banksy “Morons” was burned by some collective unknown NFT investors and became his first authentic piece converted into a NFT which was sold at almost $400,000.00 (more information here).

• Music Industry

Kings of Leon, the famous American band, was the first one to release an Album as an NFT. When You See Yourself includes special perks like a limited-edition vinyl and front row seats to future concerts (more information here and here).

The collection titled “NFT Yourself” was sold at the OpenSea market, and some of the fonds were destined to charity. The Band visualizes NFT’s as a massive opportunity for artists to directly sell their work.

The entrepreneur Elon Musk, also created an electronic music track, an NFT-themed song as an NFT. The video posted by Musk shows phrases like “Vanity Trophy”, “NFT”, “Hodl”, and “Computers Never Sleep”.

On March 15, Musk posted a tweet in which he announced that he was going to sell his song, but after 4 days of speculations, he decided not to sell it at all (more information here and here).

Steve Aoki, one of the greatest DJs and music producers of our time, is a true believer of the NFT future. He collaborated with the visual artist Antoni Tudisco to launch his “Dream Catcher” collection which was sold for $4.25 million (more information here).

"Music has always been what my life is rooted in, but I've been a passionate collector of collectibles and various forms of art for as long as I can remember(...)" - Steve Aoki

• eSports

¿What are eSports? They are video games played in a highly organized and competitive environment. Some of the most popular ones are: League of Legends, FIFA, Call of Duty, Fortnite and even Ferrari eSports.

The tournaments have millions of fans and billions of dollars up for grabs, they become more popular by the day (more information here and here).

The introduction of non-fungible tokens into the gaming world will allow players to own NFTs that immortalize and commemorate their accomplishments and items in games.

Therefore, an eSport platform, eSportsStars, is now planning on rolling out DeFi and NFT Functionality in order to connect professional players with fans and allow them to interact and receive coaching to improve their strategy (more information here).

• Digital Real Estate

Digital real estate might be the next big area for investment, according to the co-head of Republic Real Estate Janine Yorio (more information here).

NFT sites that capitalize on virtual reality and real estate include Decentraland (more information here), which is built on Ethereum and owned and created by users.

Decentraland operates as a multiplayer role-playing game and allows users to build an entire virtual world as an NFT. Yorio calls it a more sophisticated "SimCity," "Minecraft," or "Fortnite."

On Monday, Atari, the gaming company known for Pacman, announced plans to develop a cryptocurrency casino in Decentraland (more information here).

Decentraland's internal currency, "MANA," has a $225 million market value. MANA prices have risen over 321% in the past year, according to Yorio.

4. Who are the players in the NFTs game? (more information here)

Most digital-art trading platforms allow creators to gather a royalty. Some art platforms are more exclusive, while others focus on letting anyone create and sell their art.

First, Some traditional auction houses have already started to get in on NFTs, like Christie´s and, recently, Sotheby's.

For multimillion-dollar digital artists like Mike Winkelmann — more commonly known as Beeple — platforms like Super Rare (more information here), Foundation (more information here), and Nifty Gateway (more information here) allow buyers to pick from carefully curated work.

Platforms like Zora (more information here) operate as invite-only, while Rarible (more information here) and Mintable (more information here) allow any user to upload and sell images and text as NFTs on the site.

OpenSea (more information here) claims to be the largest NFT marketplace and is home to anything from art to virtual reality, sports and trading cards. The site has over 200 categories and 4 million items.

On the sports side, NBA Top Shot (more information here), a site where people can buy video highlights as NFTs, has sold over $260 million in NFTs in the past month, according to CryptoSlam (more information here).

The site Sorare (more information here) operates as a fantasy soccer game, where people can buy, sell, and manage virtual teams via digital player cards.

If you are interested in gaming, Axie Infinity (more information here), a site that sells cartoon characters that are created to fight, much like Pokémon, is one of the top 10 most popular crypto-collectible platforms, according to CryptoSlam.

Other popular trading card and memorabilia sites include Myth.Market (more information here) and Treasureland (more information here).

The site, Valuables (more information here), allows anyone to auction off their tweet for payment in the form of ether. The platform focuses solely on selling tweets as NFTs.

One person, Petter Rudwall, has even put himself up for auction on Mintable (more information here).

Finally, many sites have found success in niche NFT collectible markets, including Looking Glass Factory (more information here), a site that generates digital holograms and allows them to be sold as tokens.

5. NFTs Ecosystem

6. Future of NFTs